

In 2007, she created the Grit Scale questionnaire, popularized the concept of grit in academic psychology, and became a professor at the University of Pennsylvania. Many of the experiments she discusses in Grit were part of her graduate work studying the effects of self-discipline and grit on achievement in settlings like the National Spelling Bee and the U.S. In 2002, Duckworth began her PhD in psychology at the University of Pennsylvania.

Next, she taught middle and high school math and science for five years. Then, she went to Oxford University, where she earned a master’s degree in Neuroscience on a Marshall Scholarship, and joined the prestigious but controversial multinational consulting firm McKinsey for a year. After college, she spent two years establishing and directing Boston’s Summerbridge (now Breakthrough) academic summer program for underserved middle school students. Despite not being born a “genius,” Duckworth went on to study neurobiology at Harvard University and graduate with honors. As she explains in Grit, her father-a Chinese immigrant who worked as a chemist for the massive chemical company DuPont but always dreamed of achieving success as an academic researcher-was obsessed with “geniuses” and frequently distraught to realize that there weren’t any in his family. Angela Lee Duckworth was born and raised in the Philadelphia suburb of Cherry Hill, New Jersey.
